Cash Accounting or Accrual Accounting

The tax authority require bookkeeping records to calculate the tax due. The choice for small business is basically cash accounting or accrual accounting each of which has advantages and disadvantages.

The date of the sales invoice and the date of purchase invoice are known as the tax point. The tax point does not determine the spread of that transaction over the tax period which can be different when accounts are prepared on an accruals basis as opposed to a cash basis.

For the purposes of cash accounting the effective inclusion of the transaction in the financial records is the date the cash or bank receipt or payment was made. The tax point date on the document is not the deciding factor to include the item in the accounts. The date the amount was paid out or received into cash funds or bank account is the date to be used fopr inclusion in the accounts.

There are disadvantages to maintaining accounts on a cash basis in that records must be kept of all payments received and paid out and those records supported by the actual primary accounting documents to which they relate. That entails matching the financial documents to the payments and receipts records, a feature many small businesses might find onerous as record keeping ios often regarded by samll business as an administrative burden.

Virtually all professional accountants adopt an accruals basis for clients accounting purposes as it is based upon recording all financial information whether relevant to the tax period or not and then adjusting the management accounting profit indicated to produce the net taxable profit or loss.

By operating an accruals basis all financial documents are recorded according to the tax point date. If every transaction was paid or received within the year then the cash accounting and accruals basis would produce the same tax accounts.

The main adjustment a small business or the accountant might make to accounts prepared on the accruals basis is to first prepare the set of accounts according to the tax point of the primary accounting records and then examine those transactions and adjust them according to their relevance to the financial period for which the accounts are being prepared.

A typical example of the difference would be the rent invoice for the business premises. Let us assume a quarterly rent invoice was received dated 1 December for the 3 months from December 1 to February 28 which was paid by the small business owner by cheque on December 31 and a year end date also of December 31

On a cash basis the rent would not technically be included in the accounts as it would be shown as a rent payment from the business bank account on January 2 or later if cashed by the recipient at a later date. Therefore that quarters rent would be included in the following year accounts not the current year as issuing a cheque is not a payment but actually a promise to pay.

Assuming the rent was paid in cash prior to the 31 December then the whole 3 months rent would be included in the current financial year. That treatment may have distorted the accounts as more or less than 12 months rent might have been included in the tax calculations.

On an accruals basis the rent invoice would have been entered in the accounting records with an effective date of December 1. The accountant or small business owner preparing the accounts would deduct 2 months from the qaurterly amount leaving one months rent in the current year accounts with the other 2 months being included the following year.

That is more accurate as the other side of the accounting would be for that same accountant or bookkeeper to further include the 2 months rent not already claimed to be included in the tax calculation for the next financial year. Mvoing the prepayment not specific to the accounting period is how business treats a prepayment under accrual accounting.

When operating cash accounting only transactions actually paid for or received are valid. On an accruals basis provisions can be made for costs incurred by the business whicvh have not yet been invoiced.

Cash accounting might appear easier but has the disadvantage of maintaining receipts and payments records in addition to the primary documents which should also be matched to the financial transactions to support the accounts.

Accrual accounting is based upon recording all financial transactions and then adjusting the end result to determine the most accurate net taxable profit. The accruals basis is favoured by accountants as it reaches an accurate tax liability as opposed to more or less tax being payable on the cash basis according to the credit control policies and practises of the business its suppliers and clients.

Rep. Elijah Cummings (D-MD) and Chairman Henry Waxman of the Committee on Oversight and Government Reform question witness on the accounting arrangement that led to .8 billion in missing funds.
Video Rating: 4 / 5

Small Business Financial & Accounting (f&a) Offshore Outsourcing Cost

Fortune 500 companies have been off shoring the financial and accounting business processes (BPO) to countries like India, Philippians, China, etc. These companies have big budgets and a big team of consultants who analyzes the total cost and ROI of sending their financial and accounting work to the service providers in offshore locations. Though smaller companies have started off shoring their financial and accounting work to offshore locations but like big corporations small businesses do not have huge budget to hire consultants to identify the total cost of off shoring their financial and accounting work to offshore locations. But small businesses can still perform their due diligence in calculating total cost of their offshore engagement and gain critical knowledge in finding ROI of sending their financial and accounting work to offshore locations. In this report we will go through all of the hidden costs of offshoring financial and accounting business processes.

1. Different Costs of Offshoring Financial & Accounting Work

Small businesses mainly consider offshoring their work, they will consider only the hourly rate they need to pay to the offshore vendor for various accounting works like bookkeeping, accounts payable, accounts receivable, etc. There are several other additional hidden costs small business have to face in their offshore outsourcing engagement. Typically a small business goes through following offshore accounting work cycle in their offshore engagement:

• Selecting an offshore accounting vendor

• Sending the work to the offshore vendor

• Answering questions for the offshore vendor

• Receiving the finished work from the offshore vendor

• Verifying the finished work from the offshore vendor

• Monitoring the quality of the finished work from the offshore vendor

2. Cost of Selecting offshore accounting vendor

The cost associated with selecting an offshore accounting vendor will be small compared to other costs. Most of the time small businesses can find a qualified offshore accounting vendor simply by searching in Google or by contacting other small businesses those who are already using an offshore vendor, for detailed discussion on this topic read Offshore Accounting Success. This cost is the one time cost and it will be similar to selecting an onshore vendor.

3. Cost of sending the work to an offshore vendor

Small businesses must consider various types of cost like Scanner, High speed Internet, Backup Server, etc, to send their financial and account documents to an offshore vendor, but the good news is that it will be a one time investment and most of the small businesses will have these in place already. There are three different offshore accounting models you can use to send your accounting and financial work to the offshore vendors and for these you will incur following one time cost.

3.1. Scanner & Scanning software

Most of the accounting and financial data will be in your accounting software like QuickBooks, Peachtree etc, but there will be other documents like Bills, Checks, Invoices, Goods received notes, etc will be on paper and these should be digitized using a scanner and a scanning software to convert it into PDF documents which will be stored in your computer. Once the documents are in your computer then you can give access to the offshore vendor to view the PDF documents or they can retrieve it from your computer to perform their work in the offshore location.

Most of small businesses already have a scanner, if not a scanner (scanning software comes with the scanner) can be purchased for less than 00.00. The cost of the scanner will go up based on the volume of accounting and financial documents to be scanned in a given day. It will be a one time cost for the small business and also by scanning all their paper based accounting documents; you can improve the efficiency of overall accounting process.

3.2. High speed Internet Connection Cost

You need to have high-speed Internet connection to send and receive the work to and from offshore location. Again all most all small businesses already have DSL/T1 Internet connection if not they can get a DSL Internet connection for -100/month.

3.3. Secure FTP software

If small businesses are using Application Service Provider (ASP) like Quickbooks online, cpaasp.com, etc, then it is possible for offshore vendors to directly access your accounting data directly from the ASP vendor. In this case there is no need to use secure FTP software.

3.4. Backup Server

Once small businesses start digitizing their accounting documents for their offshore vendors, they need to start planning for the backup server to backup all their accounting documents. Most of the small businesses will have this feature already, if not it is a good investment to have a backup server to backup all their accounting and financial data from their main computer to the backup server. For any business “Business continuity” is a vital task and the backup server will help the small businesses to recover all the accounting data in case of main computer failure.

3.5. Additional Accounting software License cost

Small businesses use various accounting software packages like QuickBooks, MYOB, Microsoft Office Accounting etc, for doing all their accounting and financial work. When they offshore the work the offshore vendor will use the same accounting software to do the work. It is very difficult for the small businesses to find an offshore vendor who already owns the licenses for all the accounting software. As described in the offshore accounting models if small businesses decides to use Remote Server or ASP then there is no additional cost for small businesses. On the other hand if the small businesses decided to use Secure File Transfer then small businesses needs to buy additional accounting software license for the offshore vendor to use. Small businesses will incur this cost even if they outsource the work to onshore vendors. This cost is truly soley based on the accounting software package used by the small businesses. Accounting software packages comes with various flavors types of software licenses like concurrent users, fixed number of users, CPU based, Network based etc., Some times small businesses can completely avoid this cost altogether.

4. Managing Financial & Accounting offshore vendor

Once you send your accounting and financial work to the offshore vendor, you need to constantly mange and monitor the quality of finished work that comes back from the vendor. Initially you may need a full-time person educating the offshore accountants and bookkeepers about your accounting process and preparing proper instructions for them to follow in their work. Once you and the offshore team are comfortable in the working relationship then all you need is to verify the work periodically. Basically you need to consider the offshore team as your virtual team and educate them in your accounting processes and procedures, once you are comfortable with their work your own employee(s) will spend less time with the offshore vendors.

5. Offshore vendor wage

For the accounting and financial work performed by the offshore vendor, small businesses will pay either an hourly rate or a monthly rate to the offshore vendor. This will be the actual direct cost small businesses will pay to the offshore vendor and all other costs are indirect cost of sending the work to offshore vendor. Typically the wage cost will be 50-70% less than the cost paid to the onshore accounting and financial vendor. For small businesses this cost savings is one of the major reasons to use the offshore vendor for their financial and accounting work.

Small businesses need to consider several costs in their financial and accounting offshore engagement. As shown in the table Small business F&A offshore outsourcing – Fixed Cost Vs Monthly Cost some of the costs are fixed and some of them are monthly expanses incurred by the small businesses. Among the monthly cost only the offshore vendor wage is the direct cost paid to the offshore vendor. While performing ROI analysis small businesses must consider all these costs to find the Total Cost of doing business with offshore vendors. As shown in the table, for certain items finding out the exact cost may not be possible and it is highly based on the individual small businesses and the type of accounting and financial work that has been sent to offshore locations. The total cost may not be a fixed amount and it can change from month to month. For example in some months there will be more questions from the offshore vendor in clarifications and in other months there will be less questions, this cost will vary from month to month.

The Small Business Administration is an agency of the federal government that is tasked with ensuring the small businesses are able to have access to credit, do business with the federal government, and maintain employment among small businesses. Although major corporations dominate the headlines of financial news – it is the small businesses within the United States that make up for almost 80% of employment. Additionally, almost 90% of the companies within the United States are considered small businesses under the definitions of the SBA.

 

The primary role of the Small Business Administration is to ensure that lending banks are able to provide financing for their small business customers. As we have discussed in previous articles, the primary method of how this is completed is by providing guarantees to banks on behalf of small business owners throughout the country. Again, the most popular and flexible of these lending programs is the 7a SBA Loan.

 

Historically, the SBA was established in mid 1953 via the passing of the Small Business Act. Prior to the SBA, the primary agency in charge of providing support to small businesses was the Reconstruction Finance Corporation. Since its inception, the SBA has prompted an entire sub-industry in the world of finance. There are several banks, finance companies, and other organizations that deal solely with SBA loans. Additionally, there are also several types of firms including business planning companies and loan brokerages that exclusively assist small business owners with obtaining the 7a SBA loan and other loan programs offered by the administration.

 

Prior to the SBA, it was very difficult for small businesses (especially startup companies) to receive the financing that they needed. However, since its inception, the SBA has been instrumental with the rapid propagation of small business ownership within the United States. This trend is expected to continue as the role of the SBA has continued to expand over the past fifty years. The SBA has taken an active role in ensuring that small companies are able to successfully bid on and receive federal government contracts while concurrently ensuring that they have the financing they need to service these contracts.

Much like our discussion regarding unsecured business loans, this article will focus on business loans that are primarily secured by the cash flow of your business or your personal income. When looking for a business loan, it is imperative to understand how much of a business loan you can afford to undertake. This includes not only your current income, but also a projection of your anticipated income that will accrue through the use of debt proceeds. The most important aspect is to look at your current income. This is also the most important business metric that a bank or finance company will look at when determining whether or not you are a worthy credit risk. Actual income is far more important than expected income. With that said, you need to ask yourself some very important questions when determining the amount of debt you are seeking. These questions include, but are not limited to:

 

What is my current income?
Will my current income fluctuate?
How much do I anticipate that I will earn once I use the proceeds of the business loan?
If this business does not work out, can I afford to continue to pay off the loan given my current income?

 

When a bank looks at an existing business that is looking for a  business loan – they primarily focus on your businesses previous ability to generate positive cash flow. This is because banks want to know to be well aware of your current ability to repay any business loan that they grant to you. It should be noted, that in most circumstances, your business loan’s interest is deductible as a business expense. However, the principal of the loan is not. This must be paid out of your after-tax cash flow. This is why, especially for small businesses, the cash flow statement is extremely important. Again, if you are having issues making these determinations then it is imperative that you speak to your certified public accountant. Your CPA can assist you greatly in making a determination of your business loan needs, your ability to repay the loan, and your ability to secure a loan based on your current personal and business income.